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Sunday, June 13, 2010

ORGANS IN THE BODY QUADRANTS AND REGIONS

Body Quadrants and Regions
-A scheme commonly used by medical personnel divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four or less equal regions called quadrants 

FOUR ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS

RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT
• Liver
• Gallbladder
• Duodenum
• Head of the pancreas
• Right Adrenal gland
• Upper lobe of right kidney
• Hepatic flexure of colon
• Section of ascending colon
• Section of transverse colon

RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT
• Lower lobe of right kidney
• Section of ascending colon
• Right fallopian tube (female)
• Right ovary (female)
• Part of uterus (if enlarged)
• Right spermatic cord (male)
• Cecum
• Appendix
• Right ureter

LEFT UPPER QUADRANT
• Left lower part of liver
• Upper lobe of left kidney
• Splenic flexure of colon
• Section of transverse colon
• Section of descending colon
• Stomach
• Spleen
• Pancreas
• Left Adrenal gland

LEFT LOWER QUADRANT
• Lower lobe of left kidney
• Section of descending colon
• Left spermatic cord (male)
• Part of uterus (if enlarged)
• Sigmoid colon
• Left ureter
• Left ovary (female)
• Left fallopian tube (female)

NINE ABDOMINAL REGIONS

RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC
• Right lobe of liver
• Gallbladder
• Part of duodenum
• Hepatic flexure of colon
• Upper half of right kidney
• Suprarenal gland

EPIGASTRIC
• Aorta
• Pyloric end of stomach
• Part of duodenum
• Pancreas
• Part of liver

LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC
• Stomach
• Spleen
• Tail of pancreas
• Splenic flexure of colon
• Upper half of left kidney
• Suprarenal gland

RIGHT LUMBAR
• Ascending colon
• Lower half of right kidney
• Part of duodenum and jejunum

UMBILICAL
• Omentum
• Mesentery
• Lower part of duodenum
• Part of jejunum and ileum

LEFT LUMBAR
• Descending colon
• Lower half of left kidney
• Part of jejunum and ileum

RIGHT INGUINAL/ILIAC
• Cecum
• Appendix
• Lower end of ileum
• Right ureter
• Right spermatic cord (male)
• Right ovary (female)

HYPOGASTRIC
• Ileum
• Bladder (if enlarged)
• Uterus (if enlarged)

LEFT INGUINAL/ILIAC
• Sigmoid colon
• Left ureter
• Left spermatic cord (male)
• Left ovary (female)

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
-To accurately describe body parts and position, it is a must to have an initial reference point and set of directional terms. To avoid confusions, I is always assumed that the body is n a standard position called anatomical position.
-The terminology that describes orientation and direction assumes that the body is upright, with arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forwards

Orientation and Directional Terms
• Superior (cranial or cephalad)- upper part
• Inferior (caudal)- lower part
• Anterior (ventral)- front
• Posterior (dorsal)- back
• Medial- near midline
• Lateral- far from midline
• Intermediate- between two structures
• Proximal- nearer attachment; close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
• Distal- farther attachment; farther from the origin of the body part or part of attachment
• Superficial- on surface
• Deep- away from the surface
• Ipsilateral- on the same side
• Contralateral- on opposite side

Directional terms are used by medical personnel and anatomists to allow them to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another.
Example:
Using regular terms: The ears are located on each side of the head to the right and left of the nose
Using anatomical terminology: The ears are lateral to the nose

Body Regional Terms
-When view externally the body is divided into regions or areas

Anterior Body Landmarks
• Abdominal-anterior body trunk
• Acromial-point of shoulder
• Antecubital-anterior surface of elbow
• Axillary-armpit
• Brachial-arm
• Buccal-cheek
• Carpal-wrist
• Cervical-neck region
• Coxal-hip
• Crural-leg
• Digital-fingers, toes
• Femoral-thigh
• Fibular-side of the leg
• Frontal-forehead
• Inguinal-groin
• Mammary-breast
• Manus-hand
• Memtal-chin
• Nasal-nose
• Oral-mouth
• Orbital-bony eye socket (orbit)
• Palmar-palm
• Patellar-anterior knee (kneecap)
• Pelvic-area overlying the pelvis anteriorly
• Pollex-thumb
• Pubic-genital region
• Sternal-breastbone
• Tarsal-ankle
• Thoracic-chest
• Umbilical-navel

Posterior Body Landmarks
• calcaneal-heel
• cephalic-head
• deltoid-curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid
• dorsal-back
• gluteal-buttocks
• lumbar-area of back between ribs and hips; loin
• occipital-posterior surface of head
• olecranal-back of elbow
• perineal region-region between the anus and external
• plantar-sole
• popliteal-posterior knee area
• sacral-area between hips
• scapular-shoulder blade region
• sural-posterior surface of lower leg; calf
• vertebral-area of spine
Body Planes and Sections
-When preparing to look at the internal structure of the body, it is necessary to make a section or cut. When the section is made through the body wall or through an organ, it is made along an imaginary line called a plane.

Three Types of Planes or Sections
Sagittal Section- cut made along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body, dividing the body into left and right parts. If the cut is made down the median plane of the body, and the right and left parts are equal in size, it is called midsagittal or median section
Frontal section- cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides body into anterior and posterior part. Also called coronal section
Transverse section- cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and anterior parts. Also called cross section

Body Cavities
-The body has two sets of internal cavities that provide different degrees of protection to the organs within them.

Dorsal Body Cavity
-well protected by bone
• The cranial cavity is the space inside the bony skull. The brain is well protected because it occupies the cranial cavity
• The spinal cavity extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column. The spinal cord, which is a continuation of the brain is protected by the vertebrae, which surround the spinal cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
-it contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen
• The thoracic cavity is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle, the diaphragm. The thoracic cavity houses the lungs and heart.
• The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into abdominal cavity which contains most of the organs in the digestive system, the liver, the kidneys, and the spleen; its lower part, pelvic cavity, contains the reproductive organs and urinary bladder.