NURSING THEORIES AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
“Notes on Nursing: What It Is, What It Is Not” (first nursing theory)
-manipulating one’s environment (noise, nutrition, hygiene, light, comfort, socialization and hope) to promote wellness
-reparative process of getting well
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
“The Nature of Nursing Model”
“14 Fundamental Needs Theory”
-unique function of the nurse: to assist the clients, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health and its recovery
-assisting the client in gaining independence as rapidly as possible
-14 fundamental needs: breath, eat, drink, eliminate, posture, sleep, dress, temperature, hygiene, communicate worship, work, play, learn and avoid danger
FAYE ABDELLAH
“Patient-Centered Approaches to Nursing Model”
“21 Nursing Problems”
-nursing as a well prepared service to individuals and families therefore to society
-nursing as an art and science that molds the attitudes, intellectual, competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help people, sick or well and cope with their health needs
DOROTHY E. JOHNSON
“The Behavioral System Model”
-each person as a behavioral system is composed of 7 subsystems: ingestive, eliminative, affiliative, aggressive, dependence, achievement, sexual and role identity behavior
-each person strives to achieve balance and stability both internally and externally and to function effectively by adjusting and adapting to environmental forces through learned patterns of response
IMOGENE KING
“Goal Attainment Theory”
“Open System Model”
-nursing as a helping profession that assist individuals and groups in society to attain, maintain and restore health
-nursing as an interaction process between client and nurse to help the client reestablish a positive adaptation to his/her environment
MADELEINE LEININGER
“Transcultural Nursing Model”
-nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to improve or maintain health conditions
MYRA ESTRIN LEVIN
“Four Conservation Theory”
-nursing is a human interaction aimed at conserving energy to optimize use of client’s resources
4 conservation Principles
• Conservation of Energy- human body needs producing input (foods, oxygen, fluids) to allow energy utilization as output
• Conservation of Structural Integrity- human body has physical boundaries (skin and mucous membrane) that must be maintained to facilitate health and prevent harmful agents from entering the body
• Conservation of Personal Integrity- nursing interventions are based on the conservation of the individual client’s personality
• Conservation of Social Integrity- social integrity of the client reflects the family and the community in which the client functions. It is important for nurses to consider the individual in the context of the family
BETTY NEUMAN
“Health Care System Model”
-nursing is a unique profession in that it is concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stresses, which are intra (within the individual), inter (between one or more other people) and extrapersonal (outside the individual) in nature
-concern of nursing is to prevent stress invasion to protect the client’s basic structure and to obtain a maximum level of wellness
DOROTHEA OREM
“Self Care and Self Care Deficit Theory”
“Nursing: Concept of Practice”
-defined self care as the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health and well-being
3 Nursing Systems
• Wholly Compensatory- when the nurse is expected to accomplish all the patient’s therapeutic self care or to compensate for the patient’s inability to engage in self-care
• Partially Compensatory- when both nurse and patient engage in meeting self care needs
• Supportive-Educative- the system requires assistance in decision making, behavior control and acquisition of knowledge and skills
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
“Interpersonal Model”
-nursing as an interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse especially educated to recognize and respond to the need for help
-4 phases of nurse-client relationship: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution
